LONDON – Even without modern-day temptations such as fast food or cigarettes, people had clogged arteries some 4,000 years ago, according to the biggest-ever study of mummies searching for the condition.

Researchers said that suggests heart disease might be more a natural part of human aging rather than being directly tied to contemporary risk factors such as smoking, eating fatty foods and not exercising.

CT scans of 137 mummies showed evidence of atherosclerosis, or hardened arteries, in a third of those examined, including those from ancient people believed to have healthy lifestyles. Atherosclerosis causes heart attacks and strokes. More than half of the mummies were from Egypt; the rest were from Peru, southwest America and the Aleutian islands. The mummies were from about 3800 B.C. to A.D. 1900

“Heart disease has been stalking mankind for over 4,000 years all over the globe,” said Dr. Randall Thompson, a cardiologist at Saint Luke’s Mid America Heart Institute in Kansas City and the paper’s lead author.

The mummies with clogged arteries were older at the time of their death, around 43 versus 32 for those without the condition. In most cases, scientists couldn’t say whether the heart disease killed them.

The study results were announced Sunday at a meeting of the American College of Cardiology in San Francisco and simultaneously published online in the journal Lancet.

Thompson said he was surprised to see hardened arteries even in people such as the ancient Aleutians who were presumed to have a healthy lifestyle as hunter-gatherers.

“I think it’s fair to say people should feel less guilty about getting heart disease in modern times,” he said. “We may have oversold the idea that a healthy lifestyle can completely eliminate your risk.”

There could be unknown factors that contributed to the mummies’ narrowed arteries, Thompson said. Ancestral Puebloans who lived in underground caves in modern-day Colorado and Utah, used fire for heat and cooking, producing a lot of smoke.

“They were breathing in a lot of smoke, and that could have had the same effect as cigarettes,” he said.

Previous studies have found evidence of heart disease in Egyptian mummies, but the Lancet paper is the largest survey so far and the first to include mummies elsewhere in the world.

It was clear atherosclerosis was notably present in antiquity, said Dr. Frank Ruehli of the University of Zurich, who runs the Swiss Mummy Project. He agreed there might be a genetic predisposition to the disease.

“Humans seem to have a particular vulnerability (to heart disease), and it will be interesting to see what genes are involved,” he said.

Ruehli was not connected to the study.

Other experts warned against reading too much into the mummy data.

Calcified arteries also could be caused by other ailments including endocrine disorders, said Dr. Mike Knapton, associate medical director at the British Heart Foundation. It was impossible tell from the CT scans if the types of calcium deposits in the mummies were the kind that would have sparked a heart attack or stroke.

“It’s a fascinating study, but I’m not sure we can say atherosclerosis is an inevitable part of aging,” he said, citing the numerous studies that have showed strong links between lifestyle factors and heart disease.

Thompson advised people to live as healthy a lifestyle as possible, saying that the risk of heart disease could be reduced with good eating habits, not smoking and exercising.

“We don’t have to end up like the mummies,” he said.